Rivers of Civilizations
Shaping human development through time. The profound influence of waterways on human development: Euphrates, Nile and the most important river in Europe, Danube.
Herodotus: „Η Αίγυπτος δώρον του Νείλου έδτί” (Egypt is a gift of the Nile) – this is not at all a stylistic flourish, but rather a concise expression of an indisputable historical truth.
It is generally known that the great rivers that traverse the continents have almost always played a significant role in the development of civilizations, since the earliest times. This phenomenon has been clearly demonstrated in both Egyptian civilization and the civilizations of Mesopotamia, to name just two well-known and indisputably conclusive examples. The entire Egyptian civilization – whose prehistoric origins date back at least 5000 years before Christ – can only be explained and understood through the Nile Valley, without which the entire region would have been a desert and could not have played any role in the history of human civilizations.
The same can of course be said about the civilizations of Mesopotamia: without the benefits of the Tigris and Euphrates, we would not have had the prehistoric civilizations of Susa and Ur – and we would not have had the subsequent historical civilizations, generally much better known under the generic name of Assyro-Babylonian civilization.
Danube Civilization
These examples can certainly be multiplied, but I don’t believe this is the place to extend this list. However, it is precisely this observation of the role of rivers in the development of human civilizations over millennia and centuries that might bring to anyone’s mind the question of whether, for our country, which is traversed by the most important river in Europe, archaeological research has led to the same conclusion!
The Lost World 👑 of Old EUROPE 🤴
A river as significant as the Danube was a true blessing for the region it traversed. It served as both the commercial route for the locals and the cultural link between various prehistoric settlements on both banks. A technical discovery was immediately spread throughout the entire region, thus maintaining the unbroken unity of the ethnographic culture in that area.
Gumelniţa Culture
One of the brightest cultures of the last half of the 5th millennium BC is (alongside the Ariuşd – Cucuteni – Tripolie complex) the Gumelniţa culture. Despite the unified appearance of the culture, several regional variants could be defined: one from the north of the Danube, another from Dobruja, the third from the south of the Balkans, and the Stoicani – Aldeni cultural aspect from the northeastern part of Wallachia and southeastern Moldavia, which also spread eastward across the Prut River, in the area immediately north of the Danube. The people of this culture reached a level of social and economic development similar to that of contemporary civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia, both considered the cradles of human civilization.
The Gumelniţa Culture in the 5000 B.C.
Second Half of the 5th Millennium B.C.
The Gumelniţa culture developed in the southern region of Romania, taking its name from the Măgura Gumelniţa mound, located just 4 kilometers northeast of the town of Olteniţa. At the time, the Gumelniţa culture represented the most advanced civilization in Europe.
This culture spread across a vast area, covering all of Muntenia, southern Moldova, Dobruja, eastern Bulgaria, and extending southward to the Aegean Sea. The economy of the Gumelniţa culture relied on a mix of agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting, fishing, and gathering. Flint tools were crafted through chipping, including axes, blades, scrapers, chisels, drills, spear points, and arrowheads.
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